Informed Choice and Gambling: Principles for Consumer Protection

Main Article Content

Alex Blaszczynski
Robert Ladouceur
Lia Nower
Howard Shaffer

Abstract

It is well-established that problem gambling results, in part, from erroneous perceptions about the probability of winning. While individuals retain the ultimate responsibility over gambling choices and level of participation, optimal decision-making depends, among other factors, on the availability of reliable, comprehensive information. From a public health perspective, the gaming industry, in collaboration with government and the community, must ensure that individuals receive sufficient information to enable them to make responsible gambling choices.  This paper reviews key decision-making models and posits four primary goals that will lead to optimal choices in gambling: (a) the provision of relevant and objective information; (b) elucidation of the benefits of responsible gambling as well as potential social and personal costs of excessive gambling; (c) additional materials targeted to specific gambling subgroups; and (d) the use of a variety of communication mediums to disseminate materials. Implications for further research and public information campaigns are discussed.

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

I Ajzen and M Fishbein Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1980).

Australian Gaming Council A database on Australia’s gambling industries (Melbourne, Australian Gaming Council, 2004).

T Babor, R Caetano, S Casswell, G Edwards, N Giesbrecht, K Graham, J Grube, P Greuenwald, L Hill, H Holder, R Homel, E Osterberg,J Rehm, R Room and I Rossow Alcohol: No ordinary commodity (Oxford, Oxford Medical Publications, 2003)

A Bandura Social foundations of thought and action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1986)

A Bandura Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (New York, Freeman, 1997).

K Benhsain, A Taillefer, and R Ladouceur ‘Awareness of independence of events and erroneous perceptions while gambling’ Addictive Behaviors, (2004). 29 399-404.

A Blaszczynski, R Ladouceur, and H J Shaffer ‘A science-based framework for responsible gambling: The Reno model’ Journal of Gambling Studies (2004) 20 301-17.

K A B Cerkoney and LK Hart ‘The relationship between the health belief model and compliance of persons with diabetes mellitus’ Diabetes Care (1980) 3 594-98.

A Coulombe, R Ladouceur, R Desharnais, and J Jobin ‘Erroneous perceptions and arousal among regular and occasional video poker players’ Journal of Gambling Studies (1992) 8 235-44.

J R Felsher, J L Derevensky, and R Gupta ‘Lottery playing amongst youth: Implications for prevention and social policy’ Journal of Gambling Studies (2004) 20 127-53.

M Fishbein, and I Ajzen Belief, attitude, intention, and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1975).

A Gaboury, and R Ladouceur ‘Erroneous perceptions and gambling’ Journal of Social Behavior and Personality (1989) 4 411-20.

T Gilovich ‘Biased evaluation and persistence in gambling’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1983) 44 110-26.

T Gilovich, and C Douglas 'Biased evaluations of randomly determined gambling outcomes’ Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (1986) 22 228-41.

Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal of New South Wales Gambling: Promoting a culture of responsibility (Sydney, Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal of New South Wales, 2004).

T S Inui, E L Yourtee, and J W Williamson ‘Improved outcomes in hypertension after physician tutorials’ Annals of Internal Medicine (1976) 84 646-51.

N K Janz, and M H Becker ‘The health belief model: A decade later’ Health Education Quarterly (1984) 11 1-47.

J Joukhador, A Blaszczynski and F Maccallum 'Superstitious Beliefs in gambling among problem and non-problem gamblers: Preliminary data’ Journal of Gambling Studies (2004) 20 171-80.

R Ladouceur, A Gaboury, M Dumont and P Rochette ‘Gambling: Relationship between frequency of wins and irrational thinking’ Journal of Psychology (1988) 122 409-14.

R Ladouceur, C Sylvain, C Boutin, and C Doucet Understanding and treating pathological gamblers (London, John Wiley and Sons 2002).

R Ladouceur, C Sylvain, C Boutin, S Lachance, C Doucet, and J Leblond ‘Cognitive treatment of pathological gambling’ Journal of Nervous Diseases (2003) 189 773-80.

R Ladouceur, and M Walker ‘A cognitive perspective on gambling’ in P M Salkovskis (ed) Trends in Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies (London, John Wiley and Sons, 1996) pp 89-120).

E J Langer ‘The illusion of control’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1975) 32 311-28.

H M Leichter ‘Evil habits and personal choices: Assigning responsibility for health in the 20th Century’ The Millbank Quarterly (2003) 81 603-26.

C Manfredi, R B Warnecke, S Graham, and S Rosenthal ‘Social psychological correlates of health behavior: Knowledge of breast self-examination techniques among black women’ Social Science and Medicine (1977) 11 433-40.

A Marsh, and A Dale ‘Comorbidity of substance use disorders with other psychological disorders’ Australian Psychologist (2005) 40 71-72.

S Mashegoane, K P Moalusi, M A Ngoepe, and K Peltzer, K ‘The prediction of condom use intention among South African university students’ Psychological Reports (2004) 95 407-17.

National Research Council Pathological gambling: A critical review (Washington DC, National Academy Press, 1999).

P Norman and K Brain ‘An application of an extended health belief model to the prediction of breast self-examination among women with a family history of breast cancer’ British Journal of Health Psychology (2005) 10 1-16.

L Nower and A Blaszczynski ‘Impulsivity and gambling: A descriptive model’ International Gambling Studies (2006) 6 61-75.

N Petry Pathological gambling: Etiology, comorbidity, and treatment (Washington DC, American Psychological Association, 2005).

J O Prochaska ‘Strong and weak principles for progressing from precontemplation to action based on twelve problem behaviors’ Health Psychology (1994) 12 47-51.

J O Prochaska and C C DiClemente ‘Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative theory of change’ Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (1982) 19 276-88.

J O Prochaska and C C DiClemente ‘Stages and process of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change’ Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology (1983) 51 390-95.

Productivity Commission Australia’s Gambling Industries, Report no.10 (Canberra, Ausinfo, 1999).

I M Rosenstock, V J Strecher, and M H Becker ‘Social learning theory and the Health Belief Model’ Health Education Quarterly (1988) 15 175-83.

Sportingbet 2005. Wagering Problems?

http://www.sportingbet.com.au/SportsWeb/SportsWeb.dll/Home?Page=1100, Accessed January 9, 2005

C Sylvain, R Ladouceur, and J-M Boisvert ‘Cognitive and behavioural treatment of pathological gambling: A controlled study’. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1997) 65 727-32.

D M Tice, E Bratslavsky, and R F Baumeister ‘Emotional distress regulations takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it!’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (2001) 80 53-67.

T Toneatto, T Blitz-Miller, K Calderwood, R Dragonetti and A Tsanos ‘ Cognitive distortions in heavy gamblers’ Journal of Gambling Studies (1997) 13 253-61.

M B Walker The Psychology of Gambling. (Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1992).