Employee Discipline and Basketball Referees: A Prediction Market Approach
Main Article Content
Abstract
Article Details
References
Abbott, H. (2010). Study on referees and race still dogs NBA, ESPN.com, December 8.
Retrieved September 14, 2012 from http://espn.go.com/blog/truehoop/post/_/id/22399/study-on-referees-and-race-still-dogs-the-nba.
Adande, J.A. (2008). In official conduct, personal bias still the great unanswered question,
ESPN.com, October 3. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from
http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/columns/story?columnist=adande_ja&page=pedrowitzadande-081003.
Aldridge, D. (2009). The state of officiating: What’s wrong and how to fix it. NBA.com,
June 16. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from
http://www.nba.com/2009/news/features/david_aldridge/06/13/refs3/index.html.
Anderson K. and Pierce, D. (2009). Officiating bias: The effect of foul differential on foul
calls in NCAA basketball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(7), 687-694.
Arkes, J. (2011). Do gamblers correctly price momentum in NBA betting markets? Journal of
Prediction Markets, 5(1), 30-52.
Associated Press (2007). Spurs, Duncan worry about ref backlash, NBCSports.com, April
Retrieved September 14, 2012 from http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/18124750/.
Balmer, N., Nevill, A. and Lane, A. (2005). Do judges enhance home advantage in European
championship boxing? Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(4), 409-416.
Bernhardt, D. and Heston, S. (2010). Point shaving in college basketball: A cautionary tale
for forensic economics. Economic Inquiry, 48(1), 14-25.
Berri, D. and Rodenberg, R. (2011). Crime and punishment in the NBA. In R. Jewell (Ed.),
Violence and Aggression in Sporting Contests (pp. 65-76). New York: Springer.
Borden, S. (2012). Whistling his own tune. NYTimes.com, May 5. Retrieved September 14,
from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/sports/basketball/joey-crawford-sounds-off-on-35-years-as-an-nba-referee.html?pagewanted=all
Borghesi, R., Paul, R. and Weinbach, A. (2009). Totals markets as evidence against widespread point
shaving. Journal of Prediction Markets, 4(1), 15-22.
Brimberg, J. and Hurley, W. (2009). Are National Hockey League referees Markov? OR
Insight, 22(4), 234-243.
Chin, D. (2012). A model to detect if referees manipulate games for betting purposes.
Working paper.
Dare, W. and MacDonald, S. (1996). A generalized model for testing the home and favorite
team advantage in point spread markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 40, 295–318.
Deveney, S. (2009). When coaches cry foul, it works. The Sporting News, May 25, 51.
Diemer, G. (2009). Point shaving in the NFL gambling market: A bootstrap investigation. Journal of
Prediction Markets, 3(3), 13-31.
Dohmen, T. (2008). The influence of social forces: Evidence from the behavior of football
referees. Economic Inquiry, 46(3), 411-424.
DuPree, D. (2006). NBA fines Cuban $250,000 for behavior after game 5, USAToday.com,
June 21. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from
http://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/playoffs/2006-06-20-cuban-fine_x.htm?csp=34.
Emerson, J., Seltzer, M. and Lin, D. (2009). Assessing judging bias: An example from the
Olympic Games. The American Statistician, 63(2), 124-131.
ESPN.com (2007). Crawford suspended indefinitely; Duncan fined $25K, ESPN.com, April
Retrieved September 14, 2012 from http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2840587.
Fenwick, I. and Chatterjee, S. (1981). Perception, preference, and patriotism: An exploratory
analysis of the 1980 Winter Olympics. The American Statistician, 35(3), 170-173.
Fodor, A., Kreiger, K., Kirch, D. and Kreutzer, A. (2012). Informational differences in NFL point spread and moneyline markets. Journal of Prediction Markets, 6(2), 1-11.
Garicano, L., Palacios-Huerta, I. and Prendergast, C. (2005). Favoritism under social
pressure. Review of Economics and Statistics, 87, 208-216.
Gift, P. (2012). Sequential judgment effects in NBA officiating: An analysis of referee bias in
make-up call situations. Working paper.
Gift, P. & Rodenberg, R. (2013). Napoloen Complex: Height Bias Among NBA Referees.
Working paper.
Griffin, S. (2011). Gaming the Game. Fort Lee, New Jersey, USA: Barricade Books.
Harville, D. (1977). The use of linear-model methodology to rate high school or college
football teams. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 72(358), 320–338.
Harville, D. (1980). Predictions for National Football League games with linear model
methodology. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75(371), 516–524.
Hassett, K. (2008). NBA home bias suggests referees committing fouls. AEI.org, June 23,
Retrieved September 14, 2012 from http://www.aei.org/article/28170.
Klayman, J. (1995). Varieties of confirmation bias. Psychology of Learning and
Motivation, 32, 385-418.
Larson, T., Price, J. and Wolfers, J. (2008). Racial Bias in the NBA: Implications in betting
markets. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 4(2), Article 7.
Lehman, D. and Reifman, A. (1987). Spectator influence on basketball officiating. Journal
of Social Psychology, 127, 673-675.
Mongeon, K. and Mittelhammer, R. (2012). Home advantage, close games, and big crowds:
Economics and existence of rationally biased officiating. Working paper.
Mongeon, K. and Longley, N. (2013). A methodology for identifying the impacted groups in
referee discrimination studies. Applied Economics Letters, 20(5), 416-419.
Moskowitz, T. and Wertheim, L. (2011). Scorecasting. New York: Crown.
Morgan, H. and Rotthoff, K. (2012). The harder the task, the higher the score: Findings of a
difficulty bias. Working paper.
NBA Media Ventures (2007a). NBA referee Joey Crawford suspended, NBA.com, April 17.
Retrieved September 14, 2012 from http://www.nba.com/news/crawford_070417.html.
NBA Media Ventures (2007b). Pedowitz to lead review of league’s officiating program,
NBA.com, August 21. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from
http://www.nba.com/news/pedowitz_to_lead_review.html.
NBA Media Ventures (2008). Pedowitz report recommends significant changes, NBA.com,
October 2. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from
http://www.nba.com/2008/news/10/02/nba.release/index.html.
Nevill, A., Balmer, N. and Williams, A. (2002). The influence of crowd noise and experience
upon refereeing decisions in football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 261-272.
Nickerson, R. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review
of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220.
Page, L. and Page, K. (2010). Evidence of referees’ national favouritism in rugby. Working
paper.
Parsons, C., Sulaeman, J., Yates, M. and Hamermesh, D. (2011). Strike three:
Discrimination, incentives, and evaluation. American Economic Review, 101(4), 1410-1435.
Paul, R. & Weinbach, A. (2012). Wagering preferences of NFL bettors: Determinants of betting volume. Journal of Prediction Markets, 6(1), 42-55.
Pedowitz, L. (2008). Report to the board of governors of the National Basketball Association,
NBA.com, October 1. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from http://www.nba.com/media/PedowitzReport.pdf.
Pope, D., Price, J. and Wolfers, J. (2012). Awareness reduces racial bias. Working paper.
Price, J. and Wolfers, J. (2010). Racial discrimination among NBA referees. Quarterly
Journal of Economics, 125(4), 1859-1887.
Price, J. and Wolfers, J. (2012). Biased referees? Reconciling results with the NBA’s
analysis. Contemporary Economic Problems, 30(3), 320-328.
Price, J., Remer, M. and Stone, D. (2012). Sub-perfect game: Profitable biases of NBA
referees. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 21(1), 271-300.
Rodenberg, R. (2011). Perception ≠ reality: Analyzing specific allegations of NBA referee
bias. Journal of Quantitative Analysis of Sports, 7(2), Article 8.
Rodenberg, R. and Lim, C. (2009). Payback calls: A starting point for measuring basketball
referee bias and impact on team performance. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(4), 375-387.
Scoppa, V. (2008). Are subjective evaluations biased by social factors or connections? An
econometric analysis of soccer referee decisions. Empirical Economics, 35, 123-140.
Sheridan, C. (2009). Union amazed Henderson is on list. ESPN.com, September 22.
Retrieved September 14, 2012 from http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=4494380.
Shmanske, S. (2008). Point spreads and referee bias in the NBA. In P. Rodriguez, S.
Kesenne, & J. Garcia (Eds.), Threats to Sports and Sports Participation (pp. 115-136). Oviedo, Spain: Ediciones de la Universidad de Oviedo.
Stein, M. (2003). Referee Stafford received two-game suspension, ESPN.com,
February 26. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from
http://static.espn.go.com/nba/columns/stein_marc/1514733.html.
Stein, M. (2008). Heft alone unlikely to change perceptions of officiating, ESPN.com,
October 5. Retrieved September 14, 2012 from
http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/columns/story?columnist=stein_marc&page=pedrowitzstein-081005.
Sutter, M. and Kocher, M. (2004). Favoritism of agents: The case of referees’ home bias.
Journal of Economic Psychology, 25, 461-469.
Thu, K., Hattman, K., Hutchinson, V., Lueken, S., Davis, N. and Linboom, E. (2002).
Keeping the game close: “Fair play” among men’s college basketball referees. Human Organization, 61(1), 1-8.
Winston, W. (2007). Excel 2007: Data Analysis and Business Modeling. Redmond, WA:
Microsoft Press.
Winston, W. (2009). Mathletics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Zimmer, T. and Kuethe, T. (2009). Testing for bias and manipulation in the NBA playoffs.
Journal of Quantitative Analysis of Sports, 5(3), Article 4.
Zitzewitz, E. (2006). Nationalism in winter sports judging and its lessons for organizational
decision making. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 15, 67-99.